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Copper coating is an important part of cooper PCB design. Whether it is the domestic Qingyuefeng PCB design software or some foreign Protel and PowerPCB, they all provide intelligent copper coating function. So how to coat copper PCB well? I will share some of my ideas with you.
The so-called copper coating is to use the idle space on the PCB as the reference surface and then fill it with solid copper. These copper areas are also called copper filling. The significance of copper coating is to reduce the impedance of the ground line and improve the anti-interference ability; reduce the voltage drop and improve the power supply efficiency; connected to the ground line, it can also reduce the loop area. In order to make the PCB as deformed as possible during welding, most PCB manufacturers will also require PCB designers to fill the open area of the PCB with copper or grid-shaped ground lines. If the copper coating is not handled properly, it will not be worth the loss. Is copper coating "more advantages than disadvantages" or "more disadvantages than advantages"?
As we all know, at high frequencies, the distributed capacitance of the wiring on the printed circuit board will play a role. When the length is greater than 1/20 of the corresponding wavelength of the noise frequency, an antenna effect will be generated, and the noise will be emitted outward through the wiring. If there is a poorly grounded copper in the PCB, the copper becomes a tool for propagating noise. Therefore, in high-frequency circuits, do not think that the ground wire is connected to the ground at a certain place. This is the "ground wire". It is necessary to punch holes in the wiring with a spacing less than λ/20 to "good ground" with the ground plane of the multilayer board. If the copper is properly processed, the copper not only increases the current, but also plays a dual role in shielding interference.
Cooper-clad PCB Design
There are generally two basic ways to cover copper, namely large-area copper and grid copper. People often ask whether large-area copper or grid copper is better. It is not easy to generalize. Why? Large-area copper has the dual functions of increasing current and shielding, but large-area copper may cause the board to warp or even bubble during wave soldering. Therefore, for large-area copper cladding, several grooves are usually opened to alleviate the blistering of copper foil. The main function of pure grid copper cladding is shielding, and the effect of increasing current is reduced. From the perspective of heat dissipation, the grid is beneficial (it reduces the heating surface of copper) and plays a certain role in electromagnetic shielding. However, it should be pointed out that the grid is composed of traces in staggered directions. We know that for the circuit, the width of the trace has a corresponding "electrical length" for the operating frequency of the circuit board (the actual size is divided by the digital frequency corresponding to the operating frequency, which can be obtained by referring to relevant books). When the operating frequency is not very high, the effect of the grid line may not be very obvious. Once the electrical length matches the operating frequency, it will be very bad. You will find that the circuit cannot work properly at all, and signals that interfere with the operation of the system are emitted everywhere. So for colleagues who use grids, my suggestion is to choose according to the working conditions of the designed circuit board, and don't stick to one thing. Therefore, high-frequency circuits with high requirements for anti-interference use grids, and low-frequency circuits with large current circuits often use complete copper cladding.
Having said so much, in order to achieve the expected effect of copper cladding, what issues should we pay attention to in copper cladding:
1. If there are many grounds on the PCB, such as SGND, AGND, GND, etc., it is necessary to use the main "ground" as a reference for independent copper coating according to the different positions of the PCB board. It goes without saying that the digital ground and analog ground are separately coated with copper. At the same time, before coating, first thicken the corresponding power connection: 5.0V, 3.3V, etc., so that multiple deformable structures of different shapes are formed.
2. For single-point connection of different grounds, the method is to connect through 0 ohm resistors or magnetic beads or inductors.
3. Copper coating near the crystal oscillator. The crystal oscillator in the circuit is a high-frequency emission source. The method is to coat copper around the crystal oscillator and then ground the shell of the crystal oscillator separately.
4. If you think the island (dead zone) problem is large, it doesn't take much to define a ground via and add it in.
5. When starting to wire, the ground wire should be treated equally. When routing, the ground wire should be routed well. It cannot be relied on to eliminate the ground pin that is not connected by adding vias after copper coating. This effect is not good.
6. Try not to have sharp corners on the board (<=180 degrees), because from the perspective of electromagnetics, this constitutes a transmitting antenna! For other things, there will always be an impact, just whether it is large or small. I recommend using the edge line of the arc.
7. Do not cover the empty area of the wiring in the middle layer of the multilayer board with copper. Because it is difficult for you to make this copper "well grounded".
8. The metal inside the equipment, such as metal heat sinks, metal reinforcement strips, etc., must be "well grounded".
9. The heat dissipation metal block of the three-terminal regulator must be well grounded. The ground isolation belt near the crystal oscillator must be well grounded. In short: If the grounding problem of copper on the PCB is handled well, it must be "more beneficial than harmful". It can reduce the return area of the signal line and reduce the electromagnetic interference of the signal to the outside.
PCB Fabrication
In copper PCB design, by properly handling ground wires, heat dissipation and electromagnetic shielding, interference can be effectively reduced and power efficiency can be improved, but improper grounding and high-frequency problems must be avoided to ensure that "the benefits outweigh the disadvantages."